Abstract

In this paper (1972) it is shown heuristically with simple models, that:
- an elementary charge can interact with its own electromagnetic field
- this internal interaction is based on the Planck constant
- with this self-interaction can be understood:

• the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• the dualism of matter
• the Pauli exclusion principle
• the nuclear forces
• the problem of the universal natural constants

- and that the biologic evolution was only enabled through coupled internal interactions.

In this paper (2015) it is shown by means of a high precision balance, that the mass is generated by accelerated charges and is of helical nature.

In this paper we claim that the redshift can be caused not only by the Doppler effect, but also by blurring the photons.
This assertion can be proved or disproved experimentally by the photoelectric effect.